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IIQE Paper 5 · IV.xi

Comparison of Investment-linked Long Term Insurance Policies with Guaranteed and With-Profits Policies 投資相連長期保單與保證保單及有利潤保單的比較

Compare the three policy types by their guarantees, who bears investment risk, and their arrangements for premiums, benefits and withdrawals. Guaranteed policies provide contractual guarantees, participating policies also share non-guaranteed surplus, and investment-linked policy values follow the linked funds, with policyholders bearing the investment risk.

Guaranteed Policies/Without-Profits/Non-Participating Policies 保證保單∕無利潤∕不分紅保單

These policies do not give policyholders a share of the insurer's divisible surplus. Their guaranteed cost basis means that contractual premiums, face amounts and cash values, where provided, are guaranteed rather than adjusted for the insurer's actual experience. Examples include term insurance, non-participating whole life insurance and non-participating endowment insurance.

A guaranteed premium need not be the same at every payment date: term insurance may have a predetermined level or increasing premium schedule. Non-participating whole life and endowment premiums are usually level. Term death benefits may be level, increasing or decreasing, while those under the other two types are level.

Term insurance has no cash value. Where non-participating whole life or endowment insurance provides cash values, the contractual amounts are fixed and guaranteed. These policies offer neither investment choices nor the death benefit options available under investment-linked policies, and do not permit partial withdrawals.

Poor investment performance by the insurer does not itself reduce the guaranteed amounts promised in the contract; returns on these products are generally relatively low. However, policyholders still face the risk that the authorized life insurer becomes insolvent, so a contractual guarantee does not remove every risk.

With-Profits/Participating Policies 有利潤∕分紅保單

Participating policies give policyholders a share of the authorized insurer's divisible surplus. Common examples are participating whole life and endowment insurance. Allocations normally enter the policy account as dividends; entitlement to participate does not promise a particular future amount.

Insurers following UK practice use bonus systems, including reversionary, performance and terminal bonuses. Candidates should distinguish these bonus arrangements from the policy's basic guaranteed benefits.

Returns reflect the insurer's overall investment performance, but smoothing can reduce fluctuations between years. For example, the insurer can build reserves in stronger investment years and use them in weaker years; bonus arrangements and market value reductions may also help where appropriate. Smoothing does not guarantee future bonuses or dividends.

Premiums are fixed and usually level. Basic death benefits are generally fixed and level, and basic cash values are generally fixed and guaranteed; future dividends must be considered separately. These policies offer no investment choices or investment-linked death benefit options, but generally allow dividend withdrawals or withdrawals through partial surrender.

Comparison Criteria 比較準則

Investment returns and risks, and investment options: investment-linked policyholders directly bear the gains and losses as policy values follow the linked funds, without participating-policy smoothing. Investment risk is higher, and the extent of fluctuations depends on the fund's investment strategy. Investment-linked policies offer investment choices; guaranteed and participating policies do not.

Premiums: investment-linked policies allow greater flexibility, including changes to payments, premium holidays and top-ups, subject to their terms. Some charges may also be adjusted by the insurer under the policy terms. Ongoing reviews may lead to charge changes when actual experience differs from pricing assumptions; flexible payments do not mean fixed charges.

Death benefits, death benefit options and cash values: investment-linked death benefits may vary with investment performance, but a minimum death benefit is provided. Common choices are increasing death benefit, level death benefit and the 105 Plan. Cash values fluctuate with investment performance and are not guaranteed; minimum death cover does not guarantee the cash value.

Partial withdrawals and SFC authorisation: investment-linked policies usually allow partial surrender, potentially with withdrawal charges. In Hong Kong, investment-linked assurance schemes require SFC authorisation; guaranteed policies do not, and participating policies generally do not. However, some participating policies have features that make them Class C business and collective investment schemes under the Securities and Futures Ordinance, requiring SFC authorisation. [IA Paper V Study Notes (2023), section 4.11](https://www.ia.org.hk/sc/supervision/reg_ins_intermediaries/files/P5_SN_2023_chi.pdf)

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